BHAP - 3rd Quarter - LT

BHAP – 3^rd Quarter – LT

MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

GROUP OF MOVEMENT	MOVEMENTS		DESCRIPTION	PHOTO
Angular Movement	Flexion -any anterior movement away from the anatomical position Ex: bending the head forward	Dorsiflexion	further flexion of the feet Ex: bending of the foot in the direction of the dorsum
		Plantar Flexion	extension of the foot past the anatomical position Ex: tiptoes
	Extension - return to anatomical position after flexion	Hyperextension	continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position Ex: bending head backward
	Adduction		movement in a medial direction toward the midline of the body Ex: putting your phalanges together (close)
	Abduction		lateral movement away from the midline of the body Ex: phalanges are moving away from each other
Circular Movements	Rotation		pivoting around the longitudinal axis of the body Ex: turning the head from side to side to say “no” moving the trunk from side to side when dancing the twist
	Circumduction		circular motion of a body part Ex: drawing a circle with the arm straight
Special Movements	Inversion		turning of the sole of the foot inward Ex: movement of the sole of the foot inward
	Eversion		turning of the sole of the foot outward Ex: movement of the sole of the foot outward
	Elevation		upward movement of a part of the body Ex: close your mouth (Mandible is elevated)
	Depression		downward movement of a part of the body Ex: open your mouth (mandible is depressed)
	Supination		turning of the palm forward or upward Ex: flexing your forearm at the elbow to prevent rotation of the humerus in the shoulder joint
	Pronation		turning of the palm backward or downward Ex: turn the palm downward

CRITERIA FOR NAMING MUSCLES – NOMENCLATURE OF MUSCLES

		EXAMPLES
Direction of Muscle Fibers	oblique (diagonal to midline) transverse (Perpendicular to midline) rectus (parallel to midline)	External oblique internal oblique transverse abdominus
Size of the Muscles	Maximus (largest) Medius (middle size) Minimus (smallest) Brevis (small) Magnus (long) Longus (long) Major (larger) Minor (smaller) Latissimus (widest) Latissimus (longest) vastus (huge)	Gluteus Maximus (largest), Gluteus Medius (middle size)  Gluteus Minimus (smallest) Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedius
Location of the Muscle	scapularis (shoulder blade) oris (mouth) oculi (eye) femoris (thigh) peroneus (fibula) tibialis (shin bone) brachii (arm) costals (rib) carpi (wrist) temporalis (temporal) frontalis (frontal)	Rectus femoris
Number of Origins	Bi-  (2 heads) Tri- (3 heads) Quadri- (4 heads)	Biceps Brachii,  2 heads - long/short Triceps Brachii, 3 heads, lateral/long/middle Quadriceps, 4 parts
Shape of the Muscle	Trapezius (trapezoid) Deltoid (triangle) Rhomboid (Diamond) Sarratus (Saw-toothed) Orbicularis (circular) Pectinate (comblike) Piriformis (pear-shaped) platys (flat) quadrates (square) gracilis (slender)	Trapezius (trapezoid shape=4 sided plane,figure with 2 parallel sides) Deltoid complex (Deltoid, means triangular) Rhomboid major/minor (Rhomboideus, Diamond shape) Sarratus Anterior (sarrated=saw tooth appearance)
Action of the Muscle	Flexor (Decreases a joint angle) Extensor (Increases a joint angle) Abductor (Moves a bone away from the midline) Adductor (Moves a bone closer to the midline) Levator (Raises or elevates a body part) Depressor (Lowers or depresses a body part) Supinator (Turns palm posteriorly) Sphincter (Decreases size of an opening) Tensor (Makes a body part rigid) rotator (Rotates a bone around its longitudinal axis)	Flexors: Flexor carpi ulnaris, Flexor Carpi radialis Abductors: Abductor Pollicis Longus Adductors: Adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis (note: action and size are combined) Extensors: Extensor Carpi Randialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Digitorum Levator,   Levator Scapulae                   Pronator, Pronator teres
Location of the Muscle’s Origin & Insertion		sternocleinomastoid

ARTHROLOGY

                -study of joints

• ARTICULATION / JOINT – point of union or junction between

A.       Bone & Bone

B.       Bone & Cartilage

C.       Bone & Root of a tooth

* joint on a tooth is a fixed joint

Functions of a Joint

a.        holds bones together securely

b.        provides movements to the right skeleton

c.        every bone in the human skeleton articulate with another bone EXCEPT the HYOID bone

*Hyoid is supported by the muscles of the tongue

Surfaces of a Bone

a.        Articulating Surface

b.        Non-Articulating Surface

*Hyoid  - has an articulating surface only

…All bones have 2 surfaces, except  hyoid

CLASSIFICATIONS OF JOINTS

                According to Function

JOINT	OTHER TERM	DESCRIPTION	EXAMPLE
SYNARTHROTIC	FIXED JOINT	does not permit any movement	sutures in the skull (except TMJ) Coronal Suture (Frontal & Parietal) Sagittal Suture (Parietal, Temporal, Frontal) Lambdoid (Occipital, Parietal)
AMPHIARTHROTIC	SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT	permits a slight degree of movement (bones that can only do 1-2 movements)	spinal column coxal bones pubis symphysis tibia-fibula distally minor
DIARTHROTIC	FREELY MOVABLE JOINT	allows any form of movement	TMJ atlas-axis radius-ulna

 According to Structural Composition

JOINT	VARIETY	DESCRIPTION	INTERVENING SUBSTANCE	EXAMPLES
FIBROUS JOINT	Sutures	synarthrotic	fibrous tissue	lambdoid suture naso-maxillary suture
	Syndesmosis	-usually amphiarthrotic -edges or articulating surfaces of bones are SERRATED so that it will not permit movement	interosseous ligaments	radio-ulnar joint tibio-fibular joint
	Gomphosis	-in which conical process fits into a socket -synarthrotic	periodontal ligaments	incisor (4 teeth in front disregarding canine) canine
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT	Symphysis	amphiarthrotic	fibrocartilage	invertebral joints (C1 & C2..) symphysis pubis sacro-iliac joint cervico-thoracic joint (C7 & T1) Lumbo-sacral joint (L5 & Sacrum)
	Synchondrosis	-articulating surfaces are held by hyaline that can be replaced by bone	hyaline cartilage	epiphyseal plates (for longitudinal growth that will undergo endochondral ossification) costo-chondral joint (rib & cartilage)
SYNOVIAL JOINT	Ginglymus	-articulating surfaces are flat -allows short slipping, gliding movts	synovial membrane	intercarpal & intersacral joints
	Hinge	-movt is limited to 180˚, flexion and extension only -cylindrical end fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone -angular movt		elbow joint ankle joint interphalangeal joint knee joint
	Pivot	-round end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of a bone -rotating bone can only turn around its long axis - 360˚ movt		radio-ulnar joint (proximal end atlanto-epistropheal joint
	Condyloid	-egg-shaped articular surface fits into an oval concavity -side to side and back & forth		metrocarpophalangeal joints (knuckle)
	Saddle	-art surface has both convex and concave areas -same movt as condyloid		carpometacarpal joints (twiddling your thumbs)
	Ball-and-Socket	-spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket -movt in all axes -diarthrotic		shoulder joints hip joints