ENGLISH Long Test - 1st
Quarter
Spelling #1
1.
laconic (adj) – using or involving the use of minimal words;
concise to the point of seeming mysterious or rude
2.
euphony (n) – pleasing or sweet sound; harmonious succession
of words having pleasing sound
3.
anathema (n) – someone or something intensely disliked or
loathed
4.
diaphanous (adj) – characterized by such fineness of texture
as to permit seeing through; extreme delicacy
5.
panoply (n) – a full suit of armor; ceremonial suit;
something forming a protective cover
6.
dysphoria (n) – state of feeling unwell or unhappy
7.
hypochondria (n) – extreme depression of mind or spirits
often centered on imaginary physical ailments
8.
heuristic (adj) – involving or serving as an aid to learning, discovery, or problem-solving by
experimental and especially trial-and-error methods.
9.
sycophancy (n) – obsequious flattery (exhibiting exaggerated
attention)
10.
panacea (n) – remedy for all ills or difficulties
Spelling #2
1.
condign (adj) – deserved, appropriate
2.
pulchritude (n) – physical comeliness
3.
debilitate (v) – to impair the strength of
4.
garrulous (n) – given to prosy, rambling on tedious,
loquacity, pointless on an annoyingly talkative
5.
stultify (v) – to cause to appear or to be stupid, foolish
or illogical
6.
dirigible (adj) – capable of being steered
7.
puerile (adj) – childish, silly, juvenile
8.
recalcitrant (adj) – obstinately, defiant of authority or
restraint
9.
avarice (n) – excessive or instable desire for wealth or
gain greediness, cupidity
10.
moribund (adj) – being in the state of dying
Ancient Greece
*Ancient Greece is often noted as the
beginning of Western Civilization
* One of the earliest civilizations
Greek Gods and Goddesses
·
The Greeks believed that gods and goddesses watched over
them. The gods were like humans, but immortal and much more powerful.
·
A family of gods and goddesses lived in a cloud-palace above
Mt. Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece. The gods looked down to watch what
people were doing and from time to time, interfered with what went on.
·
The gods did not always behave very well. Their king, Zeus,
was always being unfaithful to his wife Hera. It appeared on Earth as a human
or an animal to rick women he had fallen in love with.
1.
Zeus (Jupiter)
-Lord of the Sky
-thunderbolt
-eagle & oak tree
2.
Hera (Juno)
-Goddess of Marriage
-peacock & cow
3.
Poseidon (Neptune)
-wife: Amphitrite
-Lord of Seas & Earthquakes
-master of horses
-three-pronged trident
4.
Hades (Pluto)
-wife: Persephone
-Lord of the Underworld
-helmet that makes him invisible
-not evil, just, unpitying
5.
Demeter (Ceres)
-Goddess of Harvest
-mother of Persephone
-wheat & torch
-seasons
6.
Hestia (Vesta)
-Goddess of Hearth
-home
-virgin goddess
7.
Athena (Minerva)
-Goddess of Wisdom
-battle-goddess
-sprung from head of Zeus – full grown
-olive & owl
-pet city: Athens
8.
Artemis (Diana)
-Goddess of the Hunt
-Moon-goddess
-cypress & deer
-twin sister of Apollo
-daughter of Zeus and Leto
9.
Apollo (Apollo)
-God of Light, Music & Poetry
-most Greek of all Greeks
-sun-god; archer-god
-lyre
10.
Aphrodite (Venus)
-Goddess of Love & Beauty
-laughter-loving
-magical girdle
-vain, ill-tempered, easily offended
-married to Hephaestus but had many
affairs
-myrtle & dove
11.
Ares (Mars)
-God of War
-spear & shield
-son of Zeus and Hera
-coward, murderous
12.
Dionysus (Bacchus)
-God of Wine
-thyrsos (pine-coned tipped staff)
-drinking cup
13.
Hephaestus (Vulcan)
-God of Fire & Forge
-makes armors and weapons
-ugliest of them all
The Land and its People
·
The area’s challenging landscape was matched by its history.
Early centuries were marked by waves of destructive invasions. Later, the
Greeks were always conscious of their mighty and often hostile neighbour, the
vast Persian Empire.
·
History and geography combined to form Greek character. More
than the earlier civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia was interested in the
individual human being. Their art, history, and philosophy focused on the human
body and mind.
How People Lived
In Athens
·
Athens grew from a small city-state into the center of one
of the most successful, sophisticated, and cultured societies in the history of
the world.
·
5th Century BC – History’s first democratic
government had taken hold there,
·
Known for its democratic government and flourishing culture
In Sparta
·
Known for its military strength
Family of Deities
·
Greek city-states all believed in the same family of deities
– gods and goddesses in human form who behaved like people with superhuman
powers.
Human Philosophy
·
The Greek emphasis on the human experience gave rise to the
systematic questioning and observation of the world
·
Greeks made great advances in science, philosophy and
medicine.
·
Greek thinkers: Hippocrates, Aristotle, Socrates, Herodotus
Sculpture
·
Greek sculptors usually chose the human figure as their
subject. They used symmetry, harmony and proportion to create new kind of
beauty in a search for the ideal.
Painting and Architecture
·
Vases and vessels are decorated with paintings that showed
scenes from mythology.
Written Language
·
They adapted an alphabet from Phoenicians, seafaring
merchants who lived in Israel & Lebanon
-carving inscriptions on stone
-writing ink on papyrus on parchment
START OF TROJAN WAR
1.
Wedding of Peleus (mortal) and Thetys (sea-nymph) (Mother of
Achilles)
2.
Eris (Goddess of Discord) was not invited. She got mad
3.
She placed a golden apple with an inscription of “To the
Fairest”
4.
Everyone wants to claim the apple but it was narrowed down
to Hera, Athena and Aphrodite.
5.
The 3 approached Zeus for the decision because they cant
decide among themselves. Zeus doesn’t want to get involved.
6.
He asked Paris (youngest son of King Priam, overthrown to
the wild, works as a shepherd in Mt. Ida)
7.
Hera: “I will give you all the wealth in the world”
Athena: “I will give you knowledge,
wisdom and I will make sure that Greece will be yours.”
Aphrodite: “I will give you the most
beautiful woman in the world. – Helen.”
8.
Paris chose Aphrodite.
9.
Helen (wife of Menelaus-King of Sparta) was abducted by
Paris as instructed by Aphrodite.
10.
The Trojans got mad. This is the Start of the Trojan War
ILIAD by Homer
1.
The Greeks sacks Chryse (town allied with Troy) – 9 yrs
after the start of the Trojan War.
-Agamemnon (leader) abducted Chryseis
-Achilles (greatest warrior) abducted
Briseis
2.
Chryses (Chryseis’ dad , priest of Apollo) offers a ransom
in return for his daughter but they refused to give her back. He prays to
Apollo for him to send a plague to the Greeks’camp
3.
Calchas (prophet) told Agamemnon about the cause of the
plague.
4.
Agamemnon gave Chryseis up but demands Briseis from Achilles
as compensation. Achilles got mad so he refused to join the battles.
5.
Thetis asked Zeus to enlist his services.
6.
Cease-fire
7.
Zeus supports the Trojans. He sent a false dream to
Agamemnon.
8.
Greeks suffered great losses
9.
Paris challenges one of the Greeks in a simgel combat.
Hector (brother of Paris and Helen, one of King Priam’s son) persuades him to
challenge Menelaus. Menelause defeats Paris.
10.
Hector vs. Ajax (one of the best warriors of Greeks). Hector
defeats Ajax.
11.
Truce (burning of the dead)
12.
Agamemnon persuades Achilles to return to the field.
13.
Nestor proposed a plan to Achilles. Patroclus will take his
place in the battle wearing his armor. He agreed.
14.
Hector killed Patroclus (friend of Achilles). Achilles got
mad. He decided to reconcile with Agamemnon & rejoin the army.
15.
Thetis (mother of Achilles) went to Mt. Olympus and asked
Hephaestus to forge the Achilles a new set of armor.
16.
Achilles joined the battle and killed Hector.
17.
Achilles drags Hector’s body around Patroclus’ funeral for 9
days.
18.
King Priam (ruler of Troy, Hector’s father) was escorted by Hermes
as said by Zeus. He pleads Achilles to return Hector’s body.
19.
Achilles gave Hector’s body back and Hector receives a
hero’s funeral.
20.
Troy receives new allies so it continues its resistance
-
The Fall of Troy
21.
The Trojan / Wooden Horse
-where Greeks hid to enter Troy
- led by Odysseus
- Cassandra (Priam’s daughter,
prophetess) told the Trojans that the Greeks were in the Wooden Horse but they
did not believe her (curse of Apollo because she refused his love)
22.
Greeks sacks Troy and killed Cassandra. Athena got mad at
the Greeks so she asked Poseidon to give them a bitter homecoming.
23.
Odysseus was included in this plague but he did not die. He
wandered for 10 years before he came home.
24.
The Departure from Troy
-
The Adventures of Odysseus
Ancient Rome
8th
Century BC – grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an
empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much
of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands
*Widespread
use of the Roman Languages:
1. Italian
2. French
3. Spanish
4.
Portugese
5. Romanian
- derived
from Latin, modern western alphabet & calendar
*After 450
years as a Republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar’s rise
and fall in the first century BC
Romulus & Remus
-
Sons of Mars and Rhea
-
She-wolf was regarded as a symbol of Rome from ancient times
-
The twins fought for power
-
Romulus hit his brother with a stone on his head – he won
Roman Literature
-
Written in the Latin language, remains as enduring legacy of
the culture of ancient Rome
-
Some works are historical epics telling of the early
military history of Rome, followed (as the Republic expanded) by poetry,
comedies, histories and tragedies
-
Latin literature drew heavily more on the matured literary
tradition of Greece and the strong influence of earlier Greek authors is
readily apparent
-
Plays: Plautus and Terrence
-
“Golden Age of Roman Literature”
THE AENIED by Virgil
-Latin epic
poem (29-19 BC)
-greatest
contribution of Virgil
-legendary
story of Aeneas
-9,896
lines; dactylic hexameter
(3
syllables accented, 2 is not)(3 beats)
Aeneas - Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he
became the ancestor of the Romans
Book II : The Fall of Troy
-Aeneas
relates the story of the destruction of Troy
-He
witnessed the murder of King Priam and the Greeks’ destruction of the city.
Fleeting the city with his family, he lost his wife, when he found that she
died, he left with no hope of return.
-He became
the leader of other Trojans to be exiled, including his father and his son
PYRAMUS & THISBE by Ovid
Ovid
-“The heavens and all below them, earth
and her creatures / All change, and we, part of creation, also / Must suffer
change.”
-everyone
must go through transformation / change
-came from
a well-off family in Sulmo
-sent to
Rome by his Father to be educated (expects him to become a public official)
-Love –
favourite theme
- also
wrote about myth and Roman Society
-“Books of
Transformation” – Latin narrative poem by Ovid
- magnum opus (masterpiece)
-15 books +
250 myths, poem chronicles the history of the world
-“Metamorphoses”
– portrays passions of people & gods in many stories brilliantly woven
together
- tells stories about the
transformation of humans and nymphs into animals, plants, etc
-12,000 lines
-links together stories adopted from
Greek and Roman mythology
-arranged in chronological order
(creation to founding of Roman Empire)
-usually a person turns into an
animal / plant
- uses playful tone (lively, moving)
-focused on characters’ emotions
which portrays with compassion and insight
Lyric Poetry – speaker expresses his personal
thoughts and feelings
-
Usually brief and songlike & can take the form of an
ode, elegy or a sonnet
Story:
Setting:
Babylon (brick-walled city)
-
Where civilization took place
-
Iran / Persia, ruled by King Ninus and Queen Semiramis
(Sammu-ramat)
1.
A wall divided Pyramus and Thisbe
-There was a chink/hole – they were
able to communicate
2.
They decided to run away
-They went to the Tomb of Ninus,
Mulberry Tree
-Fruits in Mulberry Tree are still
white
3.
Thisbe came first
-A lioness came – filled with blood in
the mouth
-She ran away, accidentally dropped the
veil
-The veil was played by the lioness
4.
Pyramus came
-He thought Thisbe is dead when he saw
the bloody veil
-He felt guilty so he stabbed himself
5.
Thisbe came back
-She was heartbroken so she stabbed
herself also
6.
Reconciliation of the 2 families
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