SOCIAL STUDIES - 2nd Quarter - LT

Social Studies – 2^nd Quarter LT

Lesson 4 : Our Natural Resources

Resources – things which are used to produce goods and services that satisfy the needs of man

 

NATURAL RESOURCES

                • ample lands, expansive coastline, rich mineral resources

                • helps people earn a living

A.       Land Resources

- non-replaceable resources above and below it

- land area: 300,000 km²

- sources of raw materials to produce goods

- plains: farming = agricultural products

  (rice, corn, Exported: sugarcane, coconut, abaca, tobacco, pineapples, bananas)

- 50% = Residential Lands + Commercial Lands + Agricultural Lands (alienable and disposable, can be inherited)

Residential Lands – housing purposes

Commercial Lands – industries, factories, business parks

Agricultural Lands – can be distributed by land reform program

- 50% = Forestland

Forest Resources

- half of the country’s total land area is forested (mostly found in Mindanao)

- produce timber for hardwood products

- provides employment (logging)

- generates more income (exporting products)

- provides watersheds and ecological balance for wildlife-endangered species

- dwelling places where wild animals live

Tropical Forest

                - found in the equatorial belt of the earth (tropical zone)

1. Rainforest

– oldest and most complex ecosystems

                - has a lofty broad-leaved evergreen trees forming a continuous canopy

                - Dense Tropical Rainforests – has the most species and the richest ecosystems

2. Monsoon/Seasonal Forest

               

                Beneficial Trees in the Forest:

                • Narra – hardwood for wooden furniture

                • Dipterocarp Hardwoods / Philippine Mahogany – seed is a herb that has healing properties

• Bamboo – fast growing woody grass (fences, baskets, hats, wall matting, houses, bridges, furniture)

• Mangroves – found at sea level, bays and estuaries. Form a fringe / fence along the sides of bodies of water

• Nipa Palms – build houses

• Forest denudation – cause of endangered species

                                - puts forest resources in a critical condition

• Watershed denudation – affects water regulation functions

• Reforestation – acts of planting new trees in deforested areas

• Global Warming – causes increase in temperature and natural catastrophes

                                - greenhouse gases emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere for  longer time

• Government: Education, Proper Legislation and Enforcement is necessary to preserve the forests.

                - Total log ban, Reforestation programs, Conservation programs

Priority Protected Areas in the Philippines:

• Palanan Wilderness Area (Sierra Madre, Northeast Luzon) – country’s largest protected area (10% of remaining primary forests)

• Mt. Isarog National Park (Bicol) – Bicol’s 2^nd highest volcano (1,96 m above sea level)

• Mt. Iglit-Baco National Park (Mindoro) – endangered tamaraw is here; farmers in the area caused a steady reduction in grasslands

• Mt. Guiting-Guiting Natural Park (Romblon) – the slope of this forest is destroyed by human activities; where fruit bats, monkeys and many bird species are found

• Coron Island (Palawan) – virgin forests and stunning cliffs

• El Nido Marine Reserve (Palawan) – beaches and jagged cliffs

B.       Water Resources

- 1.67 million km²

- Philippines is one of the world’s fishing centers

- renewable but some of the marine species may be extinct in the future

Benefits:

• Provide jobs and income – fishing, Kapis shells

• Tourist attraction – beaches (Boracay, Panglao, Caramoan Island, Puerto Galera, Pagudpud), underground rivers(Palawan), Maria Cristina Falls (hydroelectric energy), Pagsanjan Falls, Taal Lake, Laguna de Bay, Manila Bay

Problems:

• Fish Kill

• Pollution

• Destruction of Coral Reefs

• Extincion of Marine Life (seacow, dolphins, butanding, pawikan, tabios – smallest fish in Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur, Phil. crocodiles)

 

Laws:

• RA 7160 / Local Government Code of the Philippines – sanitation, cleanliness, proper garbage disposal

• RA 3931 – prohibits persons who throw garbage in the water

• Presidential Decree 948 – amended RA 3931, established Pollution Control Law (collect solid wastes in water forms)

• Executive Order 54 – established Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission

DENR – agency authorized to implement laws and programs to preserve and protect our water resources and other natural resources

 - works with Bureau of Aquatic Resources, NGOs (non-governmental organizations), LGUs (local government units) in launching projects like, Sagip Ilog Pasig, Piso Para sa Pasig, Kapit Bisig Para sa Ilog Pasig.

C.       Mineral Resources

- Public domains – lands that belong to the state & available to everyone to use

- Mineral – substance naturally present in the earth which can be extracted from the surface of the soil

- not renewable, can be extinct in the future

Metals:

nickel – Nonoc Island, Surigao del Norte – producing batteries

copper – Zambales, Mindoro, Negros – electrical wirings

iron – Ilocos Norte, Camarines Norte, Cotabato, Nuva Ecija – industrial purposes

gold – Paracale, Camarines Norte, Masbate, Benguet – expensive jewelries

Non-Metals:

marble - Romblon - most abundant

 

Other Resources:

petroleum

oil – Palawan

Malampaya Oil project – extract oil and gas to supply the needs of the economy

                                - 40% of Luzon’s energy requirements

                                - full capacity of 2,700 megawatts = 1.35 million kg of CO₂ per hour

fuel

carbon

Laws:

• RA 7942 – act instituting a new system of mineral resources exploration, development, utilization and conservation

                - institutionalized large-scale mining

D.       Energy Resources

-energy – source of power and ability of matter to work

Kinds of Energy:

• Geothermal – heat under land surface

• Hydroelectric – water resources (ex: Maria Cristina Falls – Lanao del Norte)

• Solar – sun (ex: Bulacan)

• Fossil fuels – remains of animals or plants

• Dendrothermal – steam from burning wood (ex: ipil-ipil trees in Batangas)

• Wind – windmills, wind turbines (ex: Ilocos region)

• Nuclear – nuclear plant (ex: Bataan – do not operate because of some defects

Lesson 5: The Philippine Population at a Glance

HUMAN RESOURCES

•  skillful, knowledgeable and talented people who will be productive members of the economy

                                - will use and develop natural resources to the fullest

Population – number of persons living in a certain area

                - indication of human resources

                - measure of human wealth of the nation

                • Young Population – under 14 yrs old

                                                - more dependent

                                                - not capable of working

                                                - government should provide education

                • Old Population – more than 64 yrs old

                                                - dependents

                                                - government should provide medical services

Demography – science that deals with age, size, distribution, and number of deaths and births of human population

Demographer – person who studies the structure of population

• Rapid increase in population = more problems about food, housing, employment, health, etc…

                = MIGRATION

Population Density – number of persons living per square kilometer

                Population Density = Population

                                                     Land Area

• The bigger the population, the bigger the responsibilities of the working individuals

Dependency Ratio – explains how many people are dependent to the working individuals for support

                Dependency Ratio = more than 64 yrs + under 14 yrs

                                                      Fully employed + unemployed

• 2000 census: Philippines has a young population

                - population that comprises the labor force is still higher than those supposedly dependent on their parents

                - we will not encounter problems if properly managed

Growth rate  – rate of increase in population

               

Population growth rate = Present year population – Previous year population x 100

                                                                    Previous year population

• Largest Population: Cavite (2.86 M), Bulacan (2.83 M), Pangasinan (2.65 M)

• Smallest Population: Batanes (16,000), Camiguin (81,000), Siquijor (88,000)

Theories on Population:

1.        Microeconomic Theory of Fertility

-Fertility – capacity of a woman to bear a child

- responsibility in controlling the rapid increase in population

- having more children = more expenditures & responsibilities, more human consumption

- Government must provide:

a. Modern Technology – for recreational purposes

b. Increased Family Income – more opportunity to spend time for recreation

c. Education for Women – responsible parenthood

d. Decrease Infant Mortality – proper health care

e. Job Opportunity – sense of productivity and self-worth

2.        Demographic Transition Theory

- describes birth and death rate

Birth rate – number of children who are born

Death rate – number of persons who died

- shows prevailing condition of the economy when we account for the proportion of the birth and death rate

1^st Stage : birth & death rate are high + Gross National Product (GNP) is low + death rate is slowly going down because of improved sanitation

*GNP per capita – estimated income

2^nd Stage (stage of demographic transition) : modernization + gradual decrease in population growth + improved economy

3.        Malthusian Theory

-Thomas Robert Malthus

– English economist and priest

-wrote “The Principle of Population” in 1800

- “Population grows faster than the supply of food.”

                - If population growth were unchecked and uncontrolled, people will experience famine and death

                Suggestions of Malthus:

                • Preventive check – youth should avoid early marriages and premarital sex, family planning

                • Positive check – epidemic, famine, war, poverty, calamity, illnesses, high death rate, low birth rate

POPULATION AS…

• Factor to Economic Development

                - big population is a potential market of economy

                - has a steady source of labor

                - Simon Kuznets – economist, 1971 Nobel Prize in Economics

                                - young population is the key towards the development of the economy

                - population is used to expand and develop industries with modern technology and sufficient capital

• Threat to Limited Resources

                - China & India – large population

                - can diminish natural resources because of negative practices

                - can lead to poverty, low standard of living, etc…

                - government should provide measure to develop their potential for the betterment of the economy

Lesson 7: Capital Resources

                               

CAPITAL RESOURCES

                • machineries, buildings, modes of transportation & communication, equipments and tools

                • essential in production and economic growth

Capitals – produced goods used to produce other goods

                - contributes to labor productivity

Different Kinds of Capital:

1.        Productive  - produce other goods

2.        Fixed – used repeatedly for a long period of time

3.        Special – for specific purpose

4.        Circulating – used only once

Savings – income not spent for consumption

Investment – spending on capital goods to produce more goods and services

Capital goods – manufactured goods to enhance the production and develop the economy

Obstacles in Capital Accumulation:

                • Deterioration of present capital

                • Lack of savings

                • Lack of investments

• If saving is not possible, investment should take the front line.

• Savings and Investments will not be attained if the country is experiencing the vicious cycle of poverty

 

Productivity – efficient use of resources to produce goods and services

• Government should take the necessary measures to control population & to increase the income received by the people.

•High income = more savings = expansion of investment = productivity = Progress in economy